ABSTRACT
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly contagious infection and threating the human lives in the world. The elevation of cytokines in blood is crucial to induce cytokine storm and immunosuppression in the transition of severity in COVID-19 patients. However, the comprehensive changes of serum proteins in COVID-19 patients throughout the SARS-CoV-2 infection is unknown. In this work, we developed a high-density antibody microarray and performed an in-depth proteomics analysis of serum samples collected from early COVID-19 (n = 15) and influenza (n = 13) patients. We identified a large set of differentially expressed proteins (n = 132) that participate in a landscape of inflammation and immune signaling related to the SARS-CoV-2 infection. Furthermore, the significant correlations of neutrophil and lymphocyte with the CCL2 and CXCL10 mediated cytokine signaling pathways was identified. These information are valuable for the understanding of COVID-19 pathogenesis, identification of biomarkers and development of the optimal anti-inflammation therapy.
Subject(s)
Blood Proteins/immunology , Coronavirus Infections/immunology , Cough/immunology , Cytokine Release Syndrome/immunology , Fever/immunology , Headache/immunology , Influenza, Human/immunology , Myalgia/immunology , Pneumonia, Viral/immunology , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Betacoronavirus/pathogenicity , Blood Proteins/genetics , COVID-19 , Child , Coronavirus Infections/genetics , Coronavirus Infections/physiopathology , Coronavirus Infections/virology , Cough/genetics , Cough/physiopathology , Cough/virology , Cytokine Release Syndrome/genetics , Cytokine Release Syndrome/physiopathology , Cytokine Release Syndrome/virology , Cytokines/genetics , Cytokines/immunology , Female , Fever/genetics , Fever/physiopathology , Fever/virology , Gene Expression Profiling , Gene Expression Regulation , Headache/genetics , Headache/physiopathology , Headache/virology , Humans , Influenza, Human/genetics , Influenza, Human/physiopathology , Influenza, Human/virology , Male , Middle Aged , Myalgia/genetics , Myalgia/physiopathology , Myalgia/virology , Orthomyxoviridae/pathogenicity , Pandemics , Pneumonia, Viral/genetics , Pneumonia, Viral/physiopathology , Pneumonia, Viral/virology , Protein Array Analysis , Proteome/genetics , Proteome/immunology , Receptors, Cytokine/genetics , Receptors, Cytokine/immunology , SARS-CoV-2 , Signal Transduction/immunologyABSTRACT
The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is likely to pose new challenges to the rheumatology community in the near and distant future. Some of the challenges, like the severity of COVID-19 among patients on immunosuppressive agents, are predictable and are being evaluated with great care and effort across the globe. A few others, such as atypical manifestations of COVID-19 mimicking rheumatic musculoskeletal diseases (RMDs) are being reported. Like in many other viral infections, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection can potentially lead to an array of rheumatological and autoimmune manifestations by molecular mimicry (cross-reacting epitope between the virus and the host), bystander killing (virus-specific CD8 + T cells migrating to the target tissues and exerting cytotoxicity), epitope spreading, viral persistence (polyclonal activation due to the constant presence of viral antigens driving immune-mediated injury) and formation of neutrophil extracellular traps. In addition, the myriad of antiviral drugs presently being tried in the treatment of COVID-19 can result in several rheumatic musculoskeletal adverse effects. In this review, we have addressed the possible spectrum and mechanisms of various autoimmune and rheumatic musculoskeletal manifestations that can be precipitated by COVID-19 infection, its therapy, and the preventive strategies to contain the infection.